(CBDC) in the euro area and proposes a possible design of a digital euro that allows for instant offline payments. Cash … regulations and supply-side restrictions by commercial banks. Nonetheless, overall demand for euro cash remained strong and even … consumer perspective, the digital euro will rather co-circulate with cash than replace it in transactions. …

There are no empirical studies on how individuals actually pay with cash in case some notes or coins are missing. This … euro transactions collected in an experimental setting, made during various games of Monopoly® (European edition), where in … some games we leave out one of the notes each time. We find that not having access to 100-euro or 10-euro notes is not …