undergoes a heavy transformation and experiences strong deregulation, deunionization and a shift in employment from the …

impact of transitions out of and back into formal employment on wages earned in the formal sector and the effect of early … exposure to informality on future earnings. We document that workers who exit formal employment experience a significant wage …

employment, we also study the impact of transitions out of and back into formal employment on wages earned in the formal sector … terms of negative skewness and high kurtosis, with these deviations varying with income and along the worker's life cycle. A …. We document that workers who exit formal employment experience a significant wage penalty upon reentry taking, on average …

's criminal justice system, offering new insights into how incarceration affects subsequent crime and employment. We construct a … reduction extends beyond incapacitation. Incarceration decreases the probability an individual will reoffend within 5 years by … shows positive associations between incarceration and subsequent criminal behavior. This sharp contrast suggests the high …