Bellia, Mario; Christensen, Kim; Kolokolov, Aleksey; … - 2020
consume liquidity when it is most needed, even when they are rewarded by the exchange to provide immediacy. The behavior of … traders provide liquidity instead of HFTs, taking advantage of the discounted price. We thus uncover a trade-o. between the … greater liquidity and efficiency provided by HFTs in normal times, and the disruptive consequences of their trading activity …