"Tradable permit regulations have recently been implemented for climate change policy in many countries. One of the first mandatory markets was the EU Emission Trading System, whose first phase ran from 2005-07. Unlike taxes, permits expose firms to volatility in regulatory costs, but are...

Road transportation is responsible for a significant part of the EU’s total CO2 emissions. Therefore, the automotive sector is subject to continuously strengthening environmental regulation. Regulation (EU) 2019/631 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17thApril 2019 sets, for the...

We introduce the decomposition of carbon emissions into an expected and an unexpected component and analyze the association between these components and firm value. The expected component captures a firm's average carbon emissions inherent to its business model and operating environment. The...

Using hand-collected carbon emissions data for 2006-2008 that S&P 500 firms disclosed voluntarily to the Carbon Disclosure Project, we investigate the relationship between carbon emission levels and firm value. The study is motivated by a relationship between carbon emissions and global climate...