impose targeted measures (e.g., "smart" sanctions) that hurt the antagonist directly, and comprehensive measures (e.g., trade …

carbon emissions. This study investigates the impact of sanctions on Iran's energy efficiency across different industrial sub …-sectors from 2015 to 2019. We compute a sanctions index for each industrial sub-sector by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA …). This index measures how much each sub-sector has been affected by sanctions. Additionally, energy efficiency is measured …

The effect of sanctions, oil revenues, exchange rate, and inflation on different regimes of the Iranian stock market is … sanctions and inflation, respectively. Considering the institutional quality case, inflation brings about an improvement in the …. Accordingly, within increasing the sanctions case, if the institutional quality has been also enhanced; an increase in the number …

in how firms perceive Russia-related sanctions. Even after controlling for firm-level characteristics, cross …This paper uses textual analysis to examine how European corporations assess sanctions in their annual reports. Using …-country differences remain for sentiments about sanctions and contexts in which sanctions are mentioned. We also examine the role of …

Under extraterritorial sanctions the sanctioning country extends its policies to trade of third countries with the … game-theoretic model to explain the emergence of extraterritorial sanctions. Such trade sanctions i) do not arise when the … emergence of extraterritorial trade sanctions. …

, incentives to bluff. Under a reward regime, targets can bluff in order to extort larger inducements. Under a sanction regime …, targets can bluff in order to deter coercion attempts. I find that while sanctions are a weakly dominant tool of influence … committing to a certain course of action for the entire duration of interaction. Moreover, using rewards and sanctions in …

In this paper, we empirically analyze the effect of UN and US economic sanctions on life expectancy and its gender gap … employ a matching approach to account for the endogeneity of sanctions. Our results indicate that an average episode of UN … sanctions reduces life expectancy by about 1.2-1.4 years. The corresponding decrease of 0.4-0.5 years under an average episode …

Financial sanctions, which aim to economically hurt a target by restricting its access to financial assets and markets … offer secrecy ('tax havens') undermine sanctions by hiding ownership information, so far data limitations have prevented a … Leaks Database and conduct the first systematic analysis of the role that tax havens play in financial sanction evasion. Our …

What are the effects of sanctions and economic support on stock prices and exchange rates in the Russia-Ukraine war? We … address this question using a panel-VAR model that incorporates data from 23 countries, besides Russia and Ukraine, spanning … the period from 02/01/2022 to 02/24/2023. Our analysis relies on a detailed database to capture the nuances of sanctions …