costs. Thus, sanctions had a much smaller impact on Russia than they would have on an economy with larger manufacturing … Russian economy was able to withstand the pressure from unprecedented package of international sanctions. First, it shows that …

's invasion of Ukraine and sanctions restricting Russia's access to foreign technology. We analyze Russian company surveys and a …Russia has long aimed at reducing its dependency on imported technology. These aspirations intensified after Russia … small sample of product-level statistical data to evaluate recent trends in Russia's import substitution of technology …

The era of energy interdependencies between Russia and the European Union (EU) is at an end. This paper advances a … relations with Russia. Previous energy security scholarship perceived interdependency as a measurable source of energy security …. Since the start of Russia's 2022 war with Ukraine, energy geopolitics has changed, making hard power relevant to Europe …

of a complete immediate stop of energy imports from Russia would be small, between 0.5% and 3% of GDP. Baqaee et al …