Recent work on money and endogenous growth finds modest welfare costs of inflation. Furthermore, high inflation reduces … rate of inflation depending on the elasticity of labor supply. Considering the transition dynamics following a change in … the monetary policy, the optimal quarterly inflation rate is found to amount to approximately 3.5% in the benchmark case …

Empirical studies of the "shoe-leather" costs of inflation are typically computed using M1 as a measure of money. Yet … minimized for a positive but moderate value of the inflation rate, thereby justifying a deviation from the Friedman rule in … favour of the Fed's current policy. - Welfare costs of inflation ; flow of funds data ; US currency abroad …