The Russian attack on Ukraine has brought the question of the German Armed Forces’ operational capability back into focus. National defense, which seemed to play only a minor role with the end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact and the Soviet Union in 1991, now has gained a...

The main security problem that any state faces today is protecting its citizens in countering organised crime and terrorism. Wars between states are less frequent than in previous eras. Border defence and border security are distinct missions requiring different forces with different training...

The European Commission (EC) has proposed expanding the European Defence Fund, an initiative to fund defense technology developed in Europe. As a general matter, only European firms would have access to the fund for development, and participating European nations would need to commit themselves...

While the Russian invasion of Ukraine has created a new momentum for EU defence integration, the political feasibility of such integration remains disputed, as it may entail both additional financial costs and a loss of sovereignty. Furthermore, design of defence integration is inherently...

After decades of relative peace and security, Europe is faced with a conflict on its doorstep that threatens to upend the recent stability and shift geopolitical order. Russia's war of aggression in Ukraine has forced Europe to confront its shortcomings with regard to providing its own security...

This paper analyses the possible presence of Granger causality between military spending and unemployment rates in the EU15 countries. The panel bootstrap test applied allows us to control for both the presence of cross-country heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence. Considering two...