International Monetary Fund's benchmark study. Oil theft, smuggling, and illicit trade in petroleum products are often seen as … lesser forms of crime than human trafficking, the drugs trade, smuggling of weapons, kidnapping, and terrorism. However, oil …

This paper presents a new methodology to detect corruption in customs and applies it to Madagascar’s main port …. Manipulation of assignment of import declarations to inspectors is identified by measuring deviations from random assignment … the approach, but also triggered a novel manifestation of manipulation that rejuvenated systemic corruption. Tax revenue …