This article investigates the patronage phenomenon in the italian, so called, Second Republic. In particular, the …, where the interests of political parties and districts may diverge, the formers would need patronage resource to assure … parliamentarians' loyalty does play a role in patronage appointments as well as the electoral result in the next electoral competition. …

hires are relatively more qualified. Our results suggest a potential upside to patronage as campaign connections create new …

-profile occupational group from a political economics perspective. We analyze how political partisanship, political patronage after changes … selection of public servants has on senior official employment. We find some evidence for political patronage. …

examining Philippine governance and the roles of policymakers and voters more deterministically. Patronage and political … shown that certain activities used to perpetuate patronage and dynasties (also called family networks) such as coercion …