In container shipping practices, containers owned by the shipping lines and leasing companies are generally regarded as homogeneous factor inputs and can substitute each other perfectly in providing the shipping service. Based on industry-wide data, this study surprisingly finds that the...

The container–shipping market becomes prosperous with the development of the global economy. As shipping networks become more complex and heterogeneous, container capacity planning becomes more difficult. This paper tackles the container planning problem from the carrier’s perspective in a...