fertility. While college education reduces the probability of becoming a mother, college-educated mothers have more children …Using arguably exogenous variation in college expansions we estimate the effects of college education on female … than mothers without a college education. Lower child–income penalties of college-educated mothers of two relative to …

In the European context Austria's population has a tradition of low fertility. Between the world wars of the 20th … century Austria had the lowest fertility in Europe. It recovered most notably during the 1950s and early 1960s, but has been … which started with women born in the late 1940s. Women born during the 1970s had lower fertility than any previous cohorts …

early enrollment increases the number of children by 0.1, whereas we find no significant impact on rates of childlessness. …

early enrollment increases the number of children by 0.1, whereas we find no significant impact on rates of childlessness. …

Background: Childlessness has increased in many European countries. Partnerships and parenthood are obviously closely … related, but there is relatively little knowledge on how childlessness is linked to contemporary union dynamics that involve … high rates of separation and unmarried cohabitation. Objective: To situate (biological) childlessness in longitudinal …

undesirable, and where there is imperfect fertility control, leading to involuntary childlessness/parenthood. Using an equivalent …) parents, and may also, under some reference fertility levels, involve positive childlessness allowances. Our results are … consumption approach in the consumption-fertility space, we first show that the identification of the worst-off individuals is not …