The quality of banknotes in the cash cycles of countries in the Eurosystem varies, despite all of these countries using … banknote quality in circulation as well as central bank cash cycle costs. Production variations in new banknotes, the fitness … identical euro banknotes. While it is known that this is dependent on national characteristics, such as public use and the …

The properties of money commonly referenced in the economics literature were originally identified by Jevons (1876) and … Menger (1892) in the late 1800s and were intended to describe physical currencies, such as commodity money, metallic coins … quantum money. These forms of money have novel properties that have not been studied extensively within the economics …

The properties of money commonly referenced in the economics literature were originally identified by Jevons (1876) and … Menger (1892) in the late 1800s and were intended to describe physical currencies, such as commodity money, metallic coins … quantum money. These forms of money have novel properties that have not been studied extensively within the economics …

John Maynard Keynes's liquidity preference theory, Kregel argued that such rejection leaves the relation between money and … requires an extension of the circuit theory of money, along the lines of the credit and state money approaches of modern …. Kregel ; Chartalist ; Modern Money Theory ; State Money ; Credit Money ; Default …

We develop a model to explain a puzzling trend in cash demand in recent years: the value of bank notes in circulation … as a percentage of GDP has remained stable despite decreasing cash usage at points of sale owing to competition from … alternative means of payment such as credit cards. The main feature of the model is that cash circulates between economic …

In many industrialized countries, cash usage at points of sale has been decreasing owing to competition from … alternative means of payment such as credit cards. At the same time, cash demand, measured as currency in circulation over GDP … the “cash paradox,” poses a challenge to standard monetary models. We introduce two new features into the standard cash …

.In particular, the demand for cash is analysed from this point of view.The analysis is based on a simple spatial transactions model … ATMs (in relation to population).It also reveals that the demand for cash depends both on the number of ATMs and ATM … networks and on the popularity of other means of payment.Thus, the use of cash can be fairly well explained in a transaction …

charged to the merchants, who may be reluctant to accept cards and induce the cardholder to withdraw cash. In this paper, we … empirically verify for the first time the effect of the interchange fee on the decision to withdraw cash and compare it with that … there is a positive correlation between the cash usage and the level of the interchange fees. Accordingly, regulation of the …

estimates of the annual volume of cash payments. Since the volume of check payments (debits to checkable accounts) is regularly … recorded, our estimates of cash payments can be used to estimate the total volume of transactions (MV) from the payment side of … currency” and “missing payments”. The estimated volume of cash payments is so high when compared to personal consumption …

estimates of the annual volume of cash payments. Since the volume of check payments (debits to checkable accounts) is regularly … recorded, our estimates of cash payments can be used to estimate the total volume of transactions (MV) from the payment side of … currency” and “missing payments”. The estimated volume of cash payments is so high when compared to personal consumption …