particular, the demand for cash is analysed from this point of view. The analysis is based on a simple spatial transactions model … ATMs (in relation to population). It also reveals that the demand for cash depends both on the number of ATMs and ATM … networks and on the popularity of other means of payment. Thus, the use of cash can be fairly well explained in a transaction …

The use of cashless payment instruments has been on an increase over many years now. At the same time, demand for cash … has been on the rise as well and we can observe a particularly high level of growth demand for banknotes during crisis … times. The increase in demand for cash known as the "banknote paradox" is a phenomenon observed in many economies. It …

estimating the volumes of national-issued banknotes in circulation for the three years ahead. As at the end of 2021, more than 80 … per cent of euro banknotes in circulation (cumulated net issuance) had been issued by the national central banks of France …, Germany, Italy and Spain (‘4 NCBs’). To date, the 4 NCBs have been using ARIMAX models to forecast the banknotes issued …

estimating the volumes of national-issued banknotes in circulation for the three years ahead. As at the end of 2021, more than 80 … per cent of euro banknotes in circulation (cumulated net issuance) had been issued by the national central banks of France …, Germany, Italy and Spain ('4 NCBs'). To date, the 4 NCBs have been using ARIMAX models to forecast the banknotes issued …

estimating the volumes of national-issued banknotes in circulation for the three years ahead. As at the end of 2021, more than 80 … per cent of euro banknotes in circulation (cumulated net issuance) had been issued by the national central banks of France … forecast the banknotes issued nationally in circulation by denomination (“benchmark models”). This paper presents the …

Digital payments are growing rapidly, and the use of cash seems to be declining, at least in advanced economies in … Europe and the U.S. However, the literature on payment systems provides an interesting perspective- cash, or currency, when … are also significant across a group of heterogeneous countries. Interest rates are found to affect the demand for cash …

In this paper, we endeavour to determine the volume of euro banknotes issued by Germany that is in circulation outside … Germany. In so doing, we draw a distinction between banknotes outstanding in non-euro-area countries and those that are in … surveys (direct approaches). The observation period runs from 2002 to 2009. We discover that German euro banknotes to a total …

In this paper, we endeavour to determine the volume of euro banknotes issued by Germany that is in circulation outside … Germany. In so doing, we draw a distinction between banknotes outstanding in non-euro-area countries and those that are in … circulation in other euro-area countries. The analysis is based on approaches that estimate the volume of banknotes in circulation …

In this paper, we endeavour to determine the volume of euro banknotes issued by Germany that is in circulation outside … Germany. In so doing, we draw a distinction between banknotes outstanding in non-euro-area countries and those that are in … circulation in other euro-area countries. The analysis is based on approaches that estimate the volume of banknotes in circulation …

In this paper, we endeavour to determine the volume of euro banknotes issued by Germany that is in circulation outside … Germany. In so doing, we draw a distinction between banknotes outstanding in non-euro-area countries and those that are in … surveys (direct approaches). The observation period runs from 2002 to 2009. We discover that German euro banknotes to a total …