Participant retention is one of the significant issues faced by clinical studies. This paper analyzes the economic impact of combining two mechanisms (monetary payments to participants and effort exerted during a clinical study) observed in practice to improve retention. Various factors, such as...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report a study in which analytical network process (ANP) was used for selecting the best concept from sustainability view point. Design/methodology/approach – The concept selection in the sustainability viewpoint is a typical multi-criteria...