crucial key to the understanding of the decisive long-term theme in the history of poverty and poor relief in Europe from 1350 …The new Routledge History of Poverty, c. 1450-1800 provides neither a "history" nor a coherent concept of "poverty" and …, based on the idea that the interplay of "labour" and "poverty" (epitomized in the notion of the "labouring poor") forms the …

average share of household income from welfare transfers), low-income targeting, and universalism - and poverty and … to transfer share or universalism; and low-income targeting is neither positively associated with poverty nor negatively … dimension (transfer share) that most reduces poverty tends to increase with the one dimension (low-income targeting) that …