Referees and their assistants are faced with the challenge of making correct decisions in complex and high-speed game situations. Subconscious bias on the part of referees and the resulting systematic favouring of teams have already been shown many times in sports economics and impair fairness...

This study analyses the factors influencing coaching decisions when substituting players, particularly in light of the rule change from three to five permitted substitutions. To this end, 161 coaches and their decisions are analysed in 1,836 Bundesliga matches from 2017/2018 to 2022/2023,...

This study analyses the factors influencing coaching decisions when substituting players, particularly in light of the rule change from three to five permitted substitutions. To this end, 161 coaches and their decisions are analysed in 1,836 Bundesliga matches from 2017/2018 to 2022/2023,...

This study analyses the development of loan players in the German Bundesliga from 2010/2011 to 2021/2022, motivated by the increasing importance of player loans in professional football and upcoming FIFA rule changes to reduce loans. The study analyses 378 loan transfers and compares them with...

Because of the COVID-19-pandemic the men's first German football league (Bundesliga) had to finish the season 2019/20 with ghost games as spectators were not allowed in the stadiums. Comparing these games with the regular ones between the same teams before, we find that the normal advantage for...

Das Institut für Organisationsökonomik (IO) an der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster wurde am 1. Oktober 2020 zehn Jahre alt. Dieser 10. Jahresbericht informiert über das zehnte Jahr, d. h. über das Wintersemester 2019/20 und das Sommersemester 2020. Wie in den Vorjahren werden...

We analyse changes in the National Football League (NFL) due to ghost games in 2020. The home bias disappears as expected. However, referee decisions do not seem to be relevant for this. There are also no significant results for semi-ghost games with a reduced number of spectators.

Das Institut für Organisationsökonomik (IO) an der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster wurde am 1. Oktober 2010 gegründet. Dieser 11. Jahresbericht informiert über das elfte Jahr, d. h. über das Wintersemester 2020/21 und das Sommersemester 2021. Wie in den Vorjahren werden zuerst...

Das Institut für Organisationsökonomik (IO) an der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster wurde am 1. Oktober 2022 zwölf Jahre alt. Dieser 12. Jahresbericht informiert über das zwölfte Jahr, d. h. über das Wintersemester 2021/22 und das Sommersemester 2022. Wie in den Vorjahren...

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to massive restrictions and changes in many areas of life, including professional sports. In football, many games were cancelled and then five instead of three substitutions were allowed with the unchanged maximum of three time-outs. This initially temporary, but...