In the field of mortality, the Lee-Carter based approach can be considered the milestone to forecast mortality rates among stochastic models. We could define a 'Lee-Carter model family' that embraces all developments of this model, including its first formulation (1992) that remains the...

In the field of mortality, the Lee–Carter based approach can be considered the milestone to forecast mortality rates among stochastic models. We could define a “Lee–Carter model family” that embraces all developments of this model, including its first formulation (1992) that remains the...

The study of human behavior plays a fundamental role in the field of social science. Starting from the last century, computational ability improvement makes possible to reach fundamental goals in the branch of human interaction; however, scholars have always ignored an essential aspect in this...