In the US rural (non-MSA) areas have lagged behind urban areas both in terms of per capita personal incomes (PCPI) and poverty rates. This study examines how 2019 state-level ratios of urban to rural PCPI varies with state-level urbanization rates, poverty rates and unemployment rates. The...

In recent years Chinese economic policy has re-emphasized agriculture and the rural areas because the gap between rural and urban incomes has widened again. This issue is also at the centre of the quot;Western developmentquot; strategy. However, it is not clear whether spatial factors determine...

We study the political economy of commuting subsidies in a model of a mono-centric city with two income classes. Depending on housing demand and transport costs, either the rich or the poor live in the central city and the other group in the suburbs. Commuting subsidies increase the net income...

This book explains the relationships between equality and efficiency, as well as between government and market, in urban-rural and regional development by providing theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence. Urban-rural development in China is understood from a regional perspective, while...