In a passenger railroad system, the service planning problem determines the train stopping strategy, taking into consideration multiple train classes and customer origin–destination (OD) demand, to maximize the short-term operational profit of a rail company or the satisfaction levels of the...

Service modularization is gaining increasing attention from scholars and practitioners. However, it must be noted that the essence of service modularization is still not well understood, and its purposefulness of practical application has not yet been well explored. This conceptual paper...

Service modularization is gaining increasing attention from scholars and practitioners. However, it must be noted that the essence of service modularization is still not well understood, and its purposefulness of practical application has not yet been well explored. This conceptual paper...

In real life distribution of goods, relatively long service times may make it difficult to serve all requests during regular working hours. These difficulties are even greater if the beginning of the service in each demand site must occur within a time window and violations of routing time...