The aim of this study was to confirm the effects of two-stage combustion on the combustion and NO<em>_x</em> reduction characteristics of a four cylinder direct injection diesel engine. In order to analyze the combustion and emission characteristics, various injection parameters, such as injection...

The present paper suggests fuel consumption modeling for HDVs based on the code from the Japanese Ministry of the Environment. Two interpolation models (inversed distance weighted (IDW) and Hermite) and three types of fuel efficiency maps (coarse, medium, and dense) were adopted to determine the...

In this paper, effect of varying fuel injection pressures and injection timings on particulate size number distribution and spray characteristics was investigated in a single cylinder, common rail direct injection (CRDI) compression ignition (CI) engine fueled with Karanja biodiesel blends...

Engel (1999) computes the variance of k-differences for each time horizon us- ing the method of Cochrane (1988) in order to measure the importance of the traded goods component in U.S. real exchange rate movements. The importance of traded goods should decrease as the horizon increases if the...

In the present study, the combustion and emission characteristics under various equivalence ratio up to stoichiometric condition were experimentally investigated in a CI (compression ignition) engine. In order to control the equivalence ratio, the O2 mole fraction of intake gas was reduced from...

The question of how retail banks adapt to a changing market place that is driven by disruptive Fintech firms is increasingly becoming important. This is especially critical in East Africa where banks have traditionally had limited presence. This paper examines the impact of digital technologies...

Competitive intensity is a level of competition intensification in a market or an industry. This is expressed in various forms and some paper measured the competitive intensity as the number of products that newly released each year in an industry (Putsis & Bayus, 2001). In other paper, they...