initial share of bond- relative to bank-based finance; this effect weakens, and may even reverse, in economies with a low … when bank lending contracts. …

competition on this choice. We find that competing banks use collateral less often than a monopolistic bank because competition … will intensify if both banks collateralize. Moreover, bank competition is welfare improving if collateralization is rather … are better able to evaluate a project's risk than entrepreneurs. We study the bank's choice between screening and …

(Gabaix, 2011) for the banking sector, introducing Bertrand competition and heterogeneous banks charging variable markups …. Using this framework, we show conditions under which idiosyncratic shocks to bank lending can generate aggregate … sector for many countries is indeed granular, as the right tail of the bank size distribution follows a power law. We then …