This article analyses the stochastic discount factor (SDF) both from the equilibrium perspective, where it appears as a marginal rate of substitution, and from the arbitrage perspective, where it appears as the Radon – Nikodym derivative which allows for a change in the probability measurable...

We develop an intertemporal asset pricing model where cash flow news, discount rate news, and their second moments are priced by the market. This model generalizes the market return decomposition framework, showing that intertemporal considerations imply a decomposition of squared market returns...