income urban neighborhoods where the vast majority of urban Black Americans lived. The agency evaluated neighborhoods using … conclude that the HOLC's redlining maps had little effect on the geographic distribution of either program's mortgage market … activity, and that the FHA crafted and implemented its own redlining methodology prior to the HOLC. …

the influence of spatial inequalities on individual outcomes in terms of health, education, work and income, and general … presentation of the vicious circle of the segregation model and suggest some ways in which this vicious circle of spatial … inequality and segregation can be broken. …