We study the role of professional networks in facilitating the escape of persecuted academics from Nazi Germany. From 1933, the Nazi regime started to dismiss academics of Jewish origin from their positions. The timing of dismissals created individual-level exogenous variation in the timing of...

This article uses the different mortality rates of European colonialists to estimate the effect of institutions on economic performance. Europeans adopted very different colonization policies in different colonies. In places where mortality rates were high they did not settle, but set up...

In the “Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness" (GLOBE) Research Program (House et al., 2004; Chokkar et al., 2007), research collaborators around the world studied leadership attributes by first grouping 62 societies around the world into 10 country clusters based on their...

This paper investigates the impact of trade protectionism in the form of tariff barriers on Spanish goods exports. The Spanish economy has signicantly increased its degree of openness, which improves potential economic growth, but also implies a higher exposure to the protectionist shift in the...

This chapter provides an overview of trends and developments in international migration since the Industrial Revolution. We focus principally on long-distance migration to rich destination countries, the settler economies in the nineteenth century and later the OECD. The chapter describes the...

Echoing the call of "no taxation without representation", the evolution of modern taxation went hand-in-hand with early democratization. However, the study of contemporary democratization has assigned a marginal role to taxation compared with other correlates, such as economic inequality and the...

The structural transformation of the Indian economy from agriculture (primary sector) dominated to one led by the services sector (tertiary sector), bypassing the intermediate stage of manufacturing (secondary sector) led growth, offers an alternative to conventional theories of economic...

We provide a new framework to account for the diverging paths of political development and state building in China and Japan during the second half of the nineteenth century. The arrival of Western powers not only brought opportunities to adopt new technologies, but also fundamentally threatened...

This article reviews beer production, consumption and the industrial organization of breweries throughout history. Monasteries were the centers of the beer economy in the early Middle Ages. Innovation and increased demand later induced the growth of commercial breweries. Globalization and...

What mechanisms account for the long-run differences in economic development across historical settings? Current scholarship has renewed the argument that institutions are essential for promoting market transactions, industrialization, trade and economic growth. In particular, recent work in...