sectors in which formal employment rates are high, causing some degree of involuntary labor movement from formal to informal … modes of employment. We explore this econometrically and find that the earnings of workers displaced from formal to informal … jobs are significantly lower than those of workers who remain in the formal market. The fact of this displacement, and its …

security of tenure as formal jobs. We examine the likelihood of individuals moving up from informal jobs to formal jobs (and … employed and lower-tier informal wage employed. As expected, our results suggest substantial income gains for workers … 'lower-tier' informal jobs, and somewhat better paid 'uppertier' informal jobs, which do not have the same benefits and …

formal and informal sectors in order to enhance their performance and growth. Unfortunately, there is no agreed method by … identify the different contextual dimensions influencing formal and informal enterprise creation processes in SSA. …