Using a unique new data set on police-involved homicides, we apply several discrimination tests to determine if white … police officers discriminate against black suspects. We find that the probability of an unarmed black suspect being killed by … a white police officer is not significantly greater than the probability of a black suspect being killed by a black …

Objective: Third-party policing (TPP) refers to police efforts to persuade or coerce third parties to take some …

any Hong Kong resident, at any time, anywhere, produce proof of identity. Usually, it is a police officer who demands, and …-card arrest is that, at the moment that the arrest is made, a police officer knows no facts which are indicative, subjectively or … does not guide police officers in the exercise of their discretion to arrest Hong Kong residents for production of identity …

effect of police proximity and taking into account the spatial aspects of neighbourhood characteristics. After controlling … for the possible problems of the endogeneity of police forces and crime risk perception and the potential sorting of … interact with police forces. Moreover, neighbourhood variables, such as proxies of social capital and the level of incivilities …

Criminal law enforcement depends on the actions of public agents such as police officers, but the resulting agency … develop an agency model of police behavior that emphasizes intrinsic motivation and self-selection. Drawing on experimental … hire punitive police agents, while providing suspects with strong criminal procedure protections, thereby empowering other …

of police officers on duty using a variety of unique data from Britain and a two-sample minimum distance estimation …

enforcement. In the year 2014, women comprised only 6.1% of the police force in India. This paper combines this narrative with the … of female and male police force on arrest outcomes for crimes against women. Results suggest that increasing women at the …

We still know very little about the incentives of police, often due to data constraints and the underlying policy … consistent with police treating enforcement effort and punishment severity as complementary. I also find that citywide crime and …