China is likely to be the first major economy to issue central bank digital currency (CBDC). China’s CBDC, e-CNY, may lead to a new ecosystem that would profoundly affect business, product offerings and business practice. E-CNY is likely to affect both local and international businesses,...

The World Trade Organization deadlock, US-China trade war, and the Belt and Road Initiative are having a profound effect on global economic governance. This paper examines several questions: what are the systematic conflicts that have triggered this crisis of WTO deadlock and trade war? What...

China's free trade agreements (FTAs) reveal malleability as the most striking feature. The paper analyzes the following questions: what is the trend of China's FTA approach to investment concerning malleability? Is China a rule follower, shaker or maker? How may China approach the Regional...

The only central bank money individuals and businesses have today is cash. Everything else they use as money is commercial bank promises. Central bank digital currencies (CBDC) will likely change all this by putting central bank money into everyone’s hands. China is a front runner in this...

Read the paper for free: https://bit.ly/3qRFsuHThe Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has brought with it an unprecedented number of agreements. BRI agreements consist of primary agreements (particularly MOUs) and secondary agreements (like performance agreements). They are a distinct, landmark...

As a landmark achievement in the development of the China–Australia bilateral economic relations, the China–Australia Free Trade Agreement (“ChAFTA”) achieves a higher level of liberalisation in education services compared with China's commitments under the World Trade Organisation and...

Focusing on TPP, CPTPP and CETA as deep free trade agreements (FTAs) that concentrate on regulatory disciplines, this paper examines a key question concerning the future of deep FTAs: do deep FTAs converge and, if so, why? It argues that, first, deep FTAs converge in their approach to trade and...