We investigate the changes in volatility leverage and spillover effects of three crude oil futures markets—WTI, Brent, and Oman—under the 2022 Russia-Ukraine conflict. We find that this conflict eliminates the regular leverage effect in WTI and Brent markets, slightly increases and...

In the background of environmental-friendly development, carbon tax plays an important role on curbing carbon emissions in major supply chains. In this paper, the impact of carbon tax imposed to the retailer (RCT) on the decisions and coordination problem in a single supply chain has been...

We propose a new model called the product memory GARCH model by replacing (1-L)d in the FIGARCH model with (1-vL)d for 0≤v≤1, where the impulse response function in its ARCH(infinity) process has a decay rate in the form of the product of a geometric memory rate and a hyperbolic memory rare...