We review and interpret the main theoretical developments in the gravity literature from its very early, a-theoretical applications to the latest structural contributions. We also discuss challenges and implement methods to estimate empirical gravity equations. We finish with a presentation and...

The paper reexamines the empirical relationship between external indebtedness and the interest premium on government bonds. We use a broad sample of countries between 1980-2017 that includes advanced, emerging and less-developed economies. We show that the relationship is strongly...

In this paper, the world distribution of personal incomes (WDPI) is estimated using a global sample comprising country sample clones. A clone is a random sample that reproduces – with predetermined high probability and precision – an unknown survey sample using information that is 'encoded'...