the confounding problem is one of substantive inadequacy in so far as the potential error concerns subject-matter, not … addressing the confounding problem. The paper reframes the omitted variables question into a hypothesis testing problem … effectively with assessing the problem of confounding raised by the omitted variables argument. The assessment of the confouding …

effects such as confounding by allowing for different forms of model misspecification; a double-robust estimator also can offer …

Confounding and values {S, -S}, {C, -C}, {F, -F}. Assuming the truth we can find the impact of the cause from when the confounder … conditional independence. The paper gives a taxonomy of issues of confounding, a parameterization by risk or safety, and develops … the various cases of dependence and (conditional) independence. The paper is supported by software that allows variations …

that ignoring inter-dependence can introduce an upward bias in the estimate of the contagion coefficient, and using Monte …This paper presents a canonical, econometric model of contagion and investigates the conditions under which contagion … can be distinguished from inter-dependence. In a two-country (market) setup it is shown that for a range of fundamentals …

This paper proposes the cross-quantilogram to measure the quantile dependence between two time series. We apply it to …

to test for dependence in the labor allocation, addressing the importance of fringe benefits to the farm household, and …