and instruments in the global financing architecture, and assesses the performance of external shock financing by the … International Monetary Fund and the World Bank during the COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine war crises. …

-wide studies utilising econometric modelling techniques. The studies examine the transmission channels of the impact of the Russia-Ukraine … war on African economies and their resilience. The report finds that while direct trade exposure is low, Africa relies … heavily on Russia and Ukraine for food and fertiliser imports. …

-wide studies utilising econometric modelling techniques. The studies examine the transmission channels of the impact of the Russia-Ukraine … war on African economies and their resilience. The report finds that while direct trade exposure is low, Africa relies … heavily on Russia and Ukraine for food and fertiliser imports. …

Organisation. This vulnerability will only increase, with climate change and disaster impacts driving higher and higher debt levels …, which in turn undermine SIDS' resilience and adaptation potential. Yet investments can and do increase SIDS' ability to cope … with external shocks, and to adapt and build resilience to future climate change impacts. Until now, it was unclear how …

This paper analyzes the unprecedented resilience of Latin American countries to the global financial crisis. It argues …

Asia proved to be remarkably resilient in the face of the global financial crisis, but why was its output performance … financial vulnerabilities—contributed significantly to Asia’s resilience. Key pre-crisis factors included moderate credit … the global financial crisis. Looking ahead, Asia is in the process of adjusting to more volatile external conditions and …