services provided by third-party investors, including litigation funders and insurance companies. The two litigants (weakly … contracting decreases the settlement rate and increases the volume and costs of litigation. These contingent contracts mimic the … costs of litigation, and may increase the aggregate cost of risk bearing. In this sense, third-party involvement in …

improved by imposing a mandatory insurance or by giving the insurer a share of litigation proceeds. …Empirical studies have found that high litigation costs often discourage small firms from investing in R&D, as they … fear their patent will be infringed and they will not be able to afford litigation. As a solution, firms have been …

-bearing and insurance, for the liability system acts as an implicit insurer for accident victims and it imposes risk on potential … injurers (because they may have to pay judgments to victims). In this regard, victims' accident insurance and injurers …' liability insurance are taken into account. The third general aspect of accident liability is its administrative expense …

-bearing and insurance, and the costs of the liability system. Second, we consider property law, where we address the nature and …. Fourth, we treat the subject of civil litigation, that is, the bringing of lawsuits, and their settlement or disposition at … additional topics relating to litigation. Fifth, we consider public enforcement of law, focusing on the level of law enforcement …

litigation risk at hospital level; in particular, the risk-sharing arrangements agreed between hospitals and their insurers. GMM … facing higher expected litigation costs also use these tests more frequently, after controlling for activity levels, casemix … hospital managers concerned at the expected cost of litigation. …

-bearing and insurance, for the liability system acts as an implicit insurer for accident victims and it imposes risk on potential … injurers (because they may have to pay judgments to victims). In this regard, victims' accident insurance and injurers …' liability insurance are taken into account. The third general aspect of accident liability is its administrative expense …