affect employers' decisions to invest in employee training. It combines survey data on investment activities with … this index reduces investment in training as a share of fixed assets by 2.9 to 4.5 percent and investment in training per … employee by 1.8 to 2.5 percent. The paper documents that lower investment in training reduces productivity, and show that firms …

employers' decision to invest in employee training. We combine survey data on investment activities with administrative data on … investment in training as a share of fixed assets by 2.9 to 4.5 percent and investment in training per employee by 1.8 to 2 ….5 percent. We document that lower investment in training reduces productivity, and show that firms facing tighter financing …

Europe. Consistent with the view that firms use recessions as times to update skills, we find that training participation is …We use European Union Labour Force Survey data for the period 2005-2018 to investigate the cyclicality of training in … to be involved in public training programs during recessions, but not for the inactive, who may be affected by liquidity …