effects vary substantially across gender: women face a penalty in the form of a lower impact on salaried employment, but the …Using a nationally representative large-scale survey of individual ICT skills in India (Multiple Indicators Survey … instrumental variables (IV) strategy. The IV approach exploits the dramatic expansion of cell towers in India as a source of supply …

critically foreground and map out the conceptual ruminations relating to gender, development, empowerment, and participation that …