enforcement behavior of newly appointed police commissioners in both a Voluntary Contribution Mechanism game and a Common Pool …-subject pool, police commissioners cooperate significantly more in both games. With exogenous institutions, police commissioners … bear a higher burden of punishment costs than non-police subjects. When the norm enforcement institution is endogenous, all …

police forces tasked with preventing crime. We study the 1829 formation of the London Metropolitan Police - the first … professional force worldwide. Using newly digitized and geocoded crime and police data together with difference-indifferences and …