This study examines whether income inequality and poverty are determinants of crime rates across 34 provinces in … Indonesia. Three indicators of income inequality and four poverty measures are tested to examine whether the dimension and … rates than our second and third indicators, i.e., the gap in food expenditure and the Gini ratio. Poverty is also positively …

poverty. Many households above the poverty line are food insecure; many below are not. We investigate a lack of financial …

impact of financial literacy on poverty, which is a downstream welfare indicator. Consequently, we have constructed a … composite financial literacy index. Our results reveal that financial literacy plays an important role in reducing poverty. This …