Using information on family background, we estimate returns to education, allowing for the heterogeneity of returns. In … earn lower wages, but have higher returns to education. This supports the view that persons from less-educated backgrounds …

Education is a well-known driver of (entrepreneurial) income. The measurement of its influence, however, suffers from …) income and of education. Using instrumental variables can provide a way out. However, three questions remain: whether … that the relationship between education and entrepreneurial income is indeed endogenous and that the impact of endogeneity …

. Individual-level variables included in the model are education, socioeconomic status, and spending behaviour. It is found that … poverty. A particularly significant ratio of poor is found for people who attained deeni madrassa/religious education or no … education at all. Poverty existence is significantly associated with spending behavior and socioeconomic status. The persons …