empirical evidence from such studies in Sub-Saharan Africa. We use data collected in 2012 from 100 smallholder avocado farmers … farming does not have any significant effect on the total household income of smallholder avocado farmers. Instead, support … credit and training, leading to increased incomes of smallholder farmers. Critics, however, argue that contract farming …

casual impact of CF was estimated using endogenous switching regression and propensity score matching methods. Results …