ownership of place brands. The paper contributes towards laying the foundations of a participatory view of place branding. It … centrality of stakeholders in the creation, development and ownership of place brands. The role of stakeholders goes well beyond … that of customers/consumers as they are citizens who legitimize place brands and heavily influence their meaning. Design …

Purpose – In response to increased interurban competition in contemporary globalization, cities are employing marketing … what constitutes a trend in urban planning in world cities with unequal socioeconomic structures; as well as providing a … seem to be applied to very different cities as a way of positioning places which are in global competition.  …