The present paper provides an overview on current developments of cash usage and issue of central bank digital currency … (CBDC) in the euro area and proposes a possible design of a digital euro that allows for instant offline payments. Cash … regulations and supply-side restrictions by commercial banks. Nonetheless, overall demand for euro cash remained strong and even …

This paper takes an overview of the concepts and features of central bank money and private sector money and focuses on … the actual performance of these types of money in selected advanced and emerging economies. In addition, digital coins … (crypto assets), such as bitcoin, are newly emerged private sector money. Much attention has been given to digital coins …

This study reviews the concepts and features of both central bank and private sector money and focuses on them in … selected advanced and emerging economies. As a newly emerged form of private sector money, digital coins (cryptoassets) such as … while maintaining features similar to cash. Some central banks have expressed unease about digital coins because of their …

remarks on the importance of money for the economy in general, special attention is paid to the unique characteristics of cash …In this paper, we focus on the stabilizing role of cash from a society-wide perspective. Starting with conceptual … cash can help to avoid such a situation. We find interesting similarities to both crises in two separate case studies, one …

Cash usage at the point-of-sale decreased perceptibly in the past years. This is mainly due to the ongoing trend … government regulations and supply-side restrictions by commercial banks. Nonetheless, overall demand for euro cash remained … issue of a Central Bank Digital Currency as a substitute or complement to cash. Although the characteristics of a possible …

We analyze the repercussions of different kinds of uncertainty on cash demand, including uncertainty of the digital … classification scheme how cash holdings typically evolve in each of these types of uncertainty by separating between demand for … domestic and international cash as well as between transaction and store of value balances. Hereby, we focus on the stabilizing …