elections and control variables on demographics and public goods provision to construct a unique panel data set for 16 large …

, consistent with the typical view of political analysts in the U.S. This average effect – which is driven by elections in the …

general elections from 1985 to 2002, using data on 284 municipalities and 9 regions. An increase in regional growth or a …

and implement public policies, we show that examination takes place in spite of, rather than thanks to, elections …. Elections are needed as a carrot and a stick to motivate politicians, yet politicians who are overly interested in re …

elections (exogenous elections) andthe decision is salient and the election outcome depends on it (endogenous elections).We show …. Furthermore, in contrast to the existing literature, wedemonstrate that, when elections are exogenous, polarization between … political parties does not always decreaseactive learning. In the case with endogenous elections we find that electoral concerns …