geographic concentration of patents for the period 2000-2014. There is also no general trend that inventors in large cities have … more patents than in rural areas (scaling). Hence, while agglomeration economies of large cities may offer advantages for … innovation activities, the extent of these advantages is not very large. We conclude that popular theories over-emphasize the …

opening up. Rapid urbanization in the PRC has resulted from recent decades of intense rural-urban migration. The scale of … interregional migration. Facing the challenges of fast urbanization and growing urban diseases, local governments still rely on the … lead to more social problems. Policy makers should reconsider the way to achieve efficient and harmonious urbanization by …

Urbanization has both benefits and costs. In a market economy, the trade-off between benefits and costs determines the … level, speed, and pace of urbanization. This paper summarizes research findings on how urbanization enhances productivity … urbanization and growth in the Indian context by examining microeconomic evidence on how enterprises and consumers share production …