A new approach to energy modelling: the SE³T system and its multi-objective integrated methodology

Based on the complex system theory, this paper extends the current notion of the Energy-Economy-Environment (3E) model and establishes a theoretical framework for the Society-Economy-Energy-Environment-Technology (SE³T) complex system. The components and structure of SE³T are described, as well as its relationships among its subsystems. The corresponding modelling method, integrating the idea of top-down and bottom-up, is propounded. Based on SE³T, the China Energy Demand Analysis System (CEDAS) and the China Energy and Environmental Policy Analysis (CEEPA) model are developed. The applications of CEDAS and CEEPA show that the theoretical framework of SE³T and its related modelling provide an effective approach to analyse China's energy and environmental issues.