This keynote speech draws three broad lessons to turn the challenges of population ageing into chances: Lesson number one is that the quantity effects of adding more labour into our ageing economies are very large. To exploit them, one has to use the entire spectrum of labour market policies: earlier labour market entry, later retirement age, higher female labour force participation, and lower unemployment. Lesson number two is that there is a positive and enforcing effect of pension reform. A pension regime that alleviates the tax burden of the younger generation creates higher productive capacity. The third lesson is on behavioural effects. Some strengthen reform but they are dominated by opposition effects, such as taking advantage of loopholes, withdrawal of labour supply, or simple within-household substitution. Negative behavioural effects can be minimised by informing people better about the chances and challenges of population ageing, and by de-mystifying false beliefs about ageing. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
