One of the most difficult institutional problems of extension approach in Thailand is the lack of a close working relationship between national agricultural research and extension organizations, and with different categories of farmers and farm organizations. Research and extension organizations compete over the same scarce government resources and leaders of these institutions do not see themselves as part of a broader system: the agricultural technology system (ATS). Instead, they try to increase the flow of resources coming to their respective institutions and to solve day-to-day management problems, rather than ensuring that their respective organizations contribute to the broader goal of getting improved agricultural technology transferring to farmers. Presently, environmental concerns, decentralization and community participation in agricultural development are being emphasized. The transition to diversified small farming systems will require new skills and capacities among farmers. Traditional forms of extension support to rural farmers from the Green Revolution era, such as the Training and Visit system (T&V), mainly addressed crop and livestock production through technological packages. The nature of knowledge needed today is more complex, diverse and local. Much of this knowledge needs to be developed or adapted “on the spot” through local experimentation. For this research, farmers were introduced to the concept and methods of on-farm experimentation and learning in an initial workshop. Four farmers from each village participated in an initial workshop and visited farms in the original site. When they went back to their villages, they organized and conducted a workshop for other farmers. A total of 85 farmers attended these secondary workshops. During these workshops, farmers made farm plans and selected technologies that were suitable for their farms. Some farmers, then, began to experiment with the newly introduced technologies. Farmer-to-farmer learning process (FFLP) Had been focused on four agricultural technologies: 1) custard apple pruning and cultivation; 2) liquid organic fertilizer; 3) herbal repellent extraction and 4) cassava-based animal feed. Farmers were exposed to these technologies through the following four methods: 1) group visits to farms carrying out these four technologies; 2) farmer workshops in each village to exchange information; 3) farmer trials with the new technologies and 4) observation of adapted technologies, farm visits and farmers’ meetings to share experiences and gain new knowledge from the trials. The aims of research were to examine characteristics of four agricultural technologies, effectiveness of technologies that transferred by farmers, and effectiveness of a farmer-to-farmer learning process (FFLP) developed and also tested over three years in four amphoes (districts) in Northeast Thailand, and changes in adapted technologies and diversification. Interviewed of 100 farmers had been used. Assessment was made of adaptation of four introduced technologies and of the effects of these technologies on farm income and diversification through annual interview. The results found that 1) Liquid organic fertilizer was the organic matter that provides the nutrient and improve the physical component of soil and it stimulated the microorganism in soil working actively and efficiently. The cost of liquid organic fertilizer was 5.92 baht/liter. 2) Bio-extraction is the white liquid made of herbal plants by boiling and streaming technology. Then, the stream flew through a cooling tank and became to be the white liquid. The substance basically protected the crops from insects. The technology cost 75 baht/liter. 3) Custard apple pruning and cultivation introduced farmers to prune and cut the tree after two-three years cultivation, the purpose of pruning was to shape a custard apple tree suitable for flowering and fruiting, and then, leading to be good quality of fruit. The cost of technology was 1,601 baht/rai. 4) Cassava-based animal feed had been used for reducing feed cost for cattle production, by using cassava root and leaf products as supplementary feed, such as the cost was 1.3 baht/1 kilogram of cassava silage. The research also presented adapting farmers have generated at least one of four technologies on their own farms. Adapting farmers also reduced cost and gained high revenue after applying FFLP technology. The diversification activities were supplementary incomes for adapting farmers. It also indicated that this was high relation level. Farmers gained more farm income from implementing more diversification activities, the Exponential between of diversification activities and number of technology on farm income as R2 = 0.958. The research also presented 64% of the farmers adapted custard apple management, 58% adapted liquid organic fertilizer, 38% adapted herbal repellent extraction, and 18% adapted cassava-based animal feed. Farmers who adapted more technologies and generated more diversification gained higher incomes. Agricultural technologies introduced and adapted through FFLP contributed 24.6% of farm income and 20.5% of total income of the 100 farmers
