Are fluctuations in energy variables permanent or transitory? : a survey of the literature on the integration properties of energy consumption and production

This study reviews the empirical literature on the integration properties of energy consumption and production. The survey begins with a discussion of the implications of whether energy variables contain a unit root and proceeds to examine how results differ according to the specific unit root or stationarity test employed. Various issues in the literature such as country coverage, use of aggregate versus disaggregate energy data and national versus sub-national data are discussed. Results are found to be sensitive to methodology and type of energy considered. Suggestions for future research are discussed.