« Brain drain » vs. « Brain gain » ? Division internationale des connaissances et promesses de co-développement

In the past, the exodus of skills from the southern to the northern hemisphere was Heraclitean, permanent and irreversible, so it was often likened to a hemorrhage of brains and a bias to development. For a long time reduced to its pejorative connotation, this "brain drain" begins over the last two decades to include new realities of belonging to an international scientific community allowing reconnections and feedbacks. Through a prism of economics of knowledge, we propose in this paper to examine this transformation of the very nature of brain drain, synonymous to a new global economic win-win-win game.