Central Bank's Independence in Historical Perspective

Intro -- Chapter 1. Central Bank Autonomy: A Historical Perspective -- Chapter 2. The Autonomy of Monetary Authorities: The Case of the U.S. Federal Reserve System -- 1 The Two Banks of the United States, 1791-1836 -- 2 The Independent Treasury System, 1840-1914 -- 3 The Federal Reserve System, 1914-Present -- 4 The Independence of the Fed -- 4.1 Subservience to the Treasury during World War I -- 4.2 The Great Depression: Failure and Reform -- 4.3 Subservience to the Treasury Again: World War II and After -- 4.4 The Treasury-Fed Accord of 1951 -- 4.5 The Controversial 1965 Discount Rate Increase -- 4.6 Partisan Monetary Politics? The 1972 Election -- 4.7 Congressional Oversight, 1975 -- 4.8 1979: Changes in Fed Operating Procedures -- 4.9 Pressure from the Supply Side, 1981-1985 -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3. The Bank of England: Relationships with the Government, the Civil Service, and Parliament -- 1 Historical -- 1.1 The Period before the Nationalisation in 1946 -- 1.2 After Nationalisation -- 2 Analytical -- 2.1 The Legal Position and the Working Relationship -- 2.2 The Working Relationship -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4. The Banque de France and the State from 1850 to the Present Day -- 1 The Problems of Being a Historian -- 2 The Manifold and Complex Factors that Determine Relations Between the State and the Banque de France -- 3 New Developments from 1850 to 1936 -- 3.1 The Development of State Control in the 19th Century -- 3.2 The Ups and Downs of the Period 1920 to 1936 -- 4 Change and Continuity from 1936 to the 1980s -- 4.1 1936-1944 -- 4.2 1945-1986 -- References -- Chapter 5. Relations between Monetary Authorities and Governmental Institutions: The Case of Germany from the 19th Century to the Present -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Historical Evolution.