Colonial Exploitation and Economic Development : The Belgian Congo and the Netherlands Indies Compared

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Colonial Exploitation and Economic Development The Belgian Congo and the Netherlands Indies compared; Copyright; Contents; List of figures; List of tables; List of contributors; Preface; Introduction; 0.1 Colonial exploitation and economic development; 0.2 Comparing the Belgian Congo and the Netherlands Indies; 0.3 Post-colonial economic divergence; 0.4 Differences in the evolution of colonial connections; 0.5 Organization; 1 Extractive institutions in the Congo: checks and balances in the longue durée; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Pre-colonial history: traditional checks and balances

1.3 Colonial history: unchecked power1.4 Post-colonial history: the unbalanced failing state; 1.5 Conclusions; 2 Colonial extraction in the Indonesian archipelago: a long historical view; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 The Dutch East India Company (VOC), 1602-1799; 2.3 The transformation of colonial rule, 1799-1830; 2.4 The Cultivation System (CS), 1830-70; 2.5 The liberal reforms, 1870-1900; 2.6 The Ethical Policy, 1900s-20s; 2.7 The Great Depression, the Japanese occupation, and Indonesia's independence, 1929-45; 2.8 Conclusion

3 Varieties of exploitation in colonial settings: Dutch and Belgian policies in Indonesia and the Congo and their legacies3.1 Colonial exploitation: some definitions; 3.2 Explaining the divergence in GDP growth after 1970; 3.3 Indonesia, 1830-1942: a better class of exploitation?; 3.4 The evolution of the Congo Colonial State: comparisons with Indonesia; 3.5 Looking again at the post-1970s divergence; 4 The land tenure system in the Congo, 1885-1960: actors, motivations, and consequences; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Staking a claim: land ownership status in the Congo Free State, 1885-1908

4.3 From the Congo Free State to the Belgian Congo: hesitant reform4.4 Surveying the land: the decree of 1934 and formalized land adjudications; 4.5 Land legislation disputes and the end of colonialism; 4.6 Land policies and rural development; 4.7 Conclusion; 5 In the shadow of opium: tax farming and the political economy of colonial extraction in Java, 1807-1911; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 The expansion of tax farming under Dutch colonial rule; 5.3 The opium tax farm; 5.4 The small tax farms; 5.5 The end of tax farming and its long-term effects; 5.6 Conclusion

6 Fiscal policy in the Belgian Congo in comparative perspective6.1 Introduction; 6.2 A difficult inheritance: the fiscal legacy of the Congo Free State; 6.3 Reforming the Congo's tax system after 1908; 6.4 Public spending: a more familiar pattern; 6.5 Financial relations between the Congo and the Belgian state after 1908; 6.6 Conclusion: a colonial state struggling to catch up; 7 Colonial education and post-colonial governance in the Congo and Indonesia; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Different approaches to colonial educational development; 7.3 Comparing school enrollment rates, 1880-2000

7.4 The success of the missionary effort in the Congo

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